The Theology Of … is a series in which we tell parents about the overt or subtle spiritual worlds of various popular media. Each article will explain the theological landscape of a relevant series, and when appropriate, we’ll provide ways for parents to use said content as a way to teach their child about Christian theology.

Introduction to the Series

Satyrs and fauns prance across a bright field of grass. A retired star rules as a magician over invisible, one-legged creatures. Even some river gods, Silenus from Greek mythology and Bacchus from Roman mythology join in the story.

If you describe The Chronicles of Narnia as a Christian allegory, you may have a tough time with those elements.

The Chronicles of Narnia is a beloved seven-book series which takes place in the land of Narnia, a world full of folktale creatures, talking animals, magic and more. And to any individual marginally versed in Christian theology, reading through the series will quickly make apparent the many Christian themes and references author and theologian C.S. Lewis writes into the fictional world.

That has made certain parts of the franchise difficult for some Christians, who may have trouble understanding why a few of the good characters use magic or why Lewis would include mythical creatures from other traditions—many of whom are depicted in a positive light. However, Lewis tells readers that the books aren’t meant to stand as an allegory for Christianity. Rather, he describes The Chronicles of Narnia as “Supposal Stories.”

But I’m not exactly “representing” the real (Christian) story in symbols. I’m more saying, “Suppose there were a world like Narnia and it needed rescuing and the Son of God (or the ‘Great Emperor oversea’) went to redeem it, as He came to redeem ours, what might it, in that world, all have been like?”

C.S. Lewis, Letters to Children

In other words, not every character in Narnia is meant to depict a Christian truth despite those truths being present in the writing. Now, Aslan certainly represents the Son of God, as Lewis makes clear in his letters. Christian ideas and themes are expounded upon in several books (which we’ll dive into below). But other characters, like the aforementioned satyrs and river gods, aren’t meant to have one-to-one comparisons. They simply are. Though they may be mythological in our world, they are real in Narnia. And they still need saving.

So, with the understanding that not everything in the world of Narnia is meant to be analogous, I think we can more easily dive into the spiritual themes that Lewis does illustrate in his writing. Below, we’ll explore the overarching narrative of The Chronicles of Narnia. Afterwards, we’ll unpack the major Christian themes in each book.

And because this blog extensively covers each book in the series, well, it’s a bit long. So those hoping to save on the scrolling can find the book they’re most interested in by clicking on the links just below.

So without further ado, let’s slide on our magic rings and make sure not to betray our family for a bite of Turkish delight as we explore the most prominent spiritual messages in The Chronicles of Narnia.

Overarching Spiritual Worldview

In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.

Because The Chronicles of Narnia starts off in our world, it begins the same way. But unlike our world, God creates many other worlds, too—ones that a small group of humans (Digory, Polly, Andrew and Frank) discover as a result of magical rings.

One such world they are transported into is Narnia. At the time, it is nothing but an empty, dark void. And, for a time, all they can do is wait—until they hear the voice of Aslan, the Lion, singing everything into existence. When the world is completed and filled with plants and animals, Aslan gives some of the animals the ability to speak. He likewise declares that “Adam’s race” (humans from our world) shall rule over the land.

However, Aslan also warns that humanity is the cause of a great evil in Narnia, for Digory had brought into Narnia with him a witch, one who would spread evil throughout the land. And although that witch would eventually be defeated, Narnia would have to grapple with evil for the rest of its days.

Throughout the series, various humans are called to Narnia by Aslan during important moments in Narnian history. However, because time moves differently in the world of Narnia than the world of man, while only a couple years may pass in the human world, centuries can pass in Narnia. In this way, a handful of chosen humans are able to witness the whole of Narnian history—from its creation all the way to its end.

The Spiritual Themes of Each Book

The Magician’s Nephew

“‘Creatures, I give you yourselves,’ said the strong, happy voice of Aslan. ‘I give to you forever this land of Narnia. I give you the woods, the fruits, the rivers. I give you the stars and I give you myself. The Dumb Beasts whom I have not chosen are yours also. Treat them gently and cherish them but do not go back to their ways lest you cease to be Talking Beasts. For out of them you were taken and into them you can return. Do not so.’”

Plot Summary

Digory and Polly are tricked by Digory’s uncle, Andrew, into becoming human test subjects for some magical rings he has created. The rings send them to the Wood Between the Worlds, a mysterious midpoint realm in which they find various pools of water, each of which is connected to a different world.

The two first travel to the dying world of Charn, where Digory releases the wicked witch, Jadis, from her magical suspended animation. Realizing Jadis’ evil nature, Polly and Digory attempt to escape without her. But they eventually end up taking themselves, Jadis, Andrew and a cabby named Frank into the world of Narnia, where they witness Aslan create all of it out of nothing.

Aslan gives voice to some of his created animals, and he declares that Frank will be Narnia’s first ruler. Aslan sends Digory, Polly and Andrew back home, and he explains that, one day, he will call back “Adam’s race” to assist in defeating Jadis, whom he has allowed to remain in Narnia.

Major Christian Themes

The Magician’s Nephew showcases God’s creation of the world. Aslan creates Narnia by speaking it into existence. He sets its boundaries and its rules, and he offers it to his creatures. Whereas the rulers of Charn increasingly grew selfish and corrupt, Aslan remains good. And he warns the Narnians to not turn to evil, telling them that, just as he made them into Talking Beasts, he can also revert them back into Dumb Beasts.

The Fall of Man from Genesis 3 is also depicted when Digory and Polly come across a strange bell in Charn. Digory is tempted to strike the bell to see what will happen despite a warning that it may lead to danger. Polly protests, but after a fight, Digory rings the bell and releases Jadis from her prison (a character who represents sin). Though Digory comes to regret his actions and is forgiven by Aslan, the consequences of his choice have a lasting impact on the rest of Narnian history.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • In The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe, Jadis is described as a daughter of Adam’s first wife, Lilith. This idea is pulled from Jewish mythology, which states that Lilith was or became a demon and was banished from the Garden of Eden. Further descriptions of Jadis include that she is descended from giants and Jinn (also known as djinn or genies of Arabic and Muslim tradition).
  • When they first meet, Aslan tells Frank that he has known Frank for a very long time, and he asks if Frank knows him. Frank says that, while he has never met Aslan before as a Lion, he cannot help but feel that he’s met Aslan in other ways, which Aslan affirms. This clearly demonstrates Aslan’s dual role in the series as Jesus.

The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe

“Though the Witch knew the Deep Magic, there is a magic deeper still which she did not know. Her knowledge goes back only to the dawn of time. But if she could have looked a little further back, into the stillness and the darkness before Time dawned, she would have read there a different incantation. She would have known that when a willing victim who had committed no treachery was killed in a traitor’s stead, the Table would crack and Death itself would start working backwards.”

Plot Summary

Decades after the events of The Magician’s Nephew, the four Pevensie children (Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy) discover a wardrobe which transports them into Narnia. However, hundreds of years have passed in Narnian time since Digory and Polly left, and Jadis (the White Witch) has overtaken the land, casting it into an eternal winter which has persisted for the last hundred years.

While Peter, Susan and Lucy join Aslan’s growing army against the White Witch, Edmund is deceived by worldly pleasures to join her. Though he is eventually rescued, Jadis demands that Aslan honor the Deep Magic set in place by the Emperor-beyond-the-Sea, which give Jadis the right to kill all traitors. Aslan instead offers his own life in the place of Edmund, and Jadis kills him on the Stone Table. However, Aslan rises from the dead, and the Table breaks in two. Then, Aslan joins the battle against Jadis and personally slays her.

The Pevensies are crowned kings and queens of Narnia, where they rule for roughly 15 years before returning through the wardrobe at the exact age and moment they had entered it.

Major Christian Themes

The central theme in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe is Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection. Aslan is “crucified” on the Stone Table for Edmund’s sins, paying Edmund’s debt by taking the punishment upon himself. But death cannot hold Aslan, and he rises from the dead. The Table breaks in two, just as the curtain of the temple was torn in two at Jesus’ death. Edmund is forgiven, and the sting of sin and death are defeated.

While many readers may wonder how Edmund could betray Aslan, it is apparent that we are meant to recognize ourselves in him, having received Jesus, the sacrifice in our place for our treachery and sin.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • When considering the Deep Magic, Lucy questions whether they could do anything to work against it. Aslan frowns deeply at this suggestion. This is because the Emperor-beyond-the-Sea is Lewis’ depiction of God the Father, who instituted the Deep Magic at the dawn of time—namely, that the “wages of sin is death” (Romans 6:23). In this moment, Lucy speaks without knowledge, unaware that she is asking “God the Son” to work against the decree of “God the Father.”
  • When asked whether Aslan (a fierce lion to the Pevensies’ perspective) is safe, Mr. Beaver is incredulous. “Who said anything about safe?” he cries. “’Course he isn’t safe. But he’s good. He’s the King, I tell you.” Likewise, Mr. Tumnus states that Aslan is “not a tame lion.” These quotes showcase the holy reverence due to God. God is powerful and is worthy of all fear, praise and respect (the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom). But He is also good, and His steadfast love endures forever.

The Horse and His Boy

“I was the lion who forced you to join with Aravis. I was the cat who comforted you among the houses of the dead. I was the lion who drove the jackals from you while you slept. I was the lion who gave the Horses the new strength of fear for the last mile so that you should reach King Lune in time. And I was the lion you do not remember who pushed the boat in which you lay, a child near death, so that it came to shore where a man sat, wakeful at midnight, to receive you.”

Plot Summary

To the south of Narnia is the country Calormen, a land full of people who worship the god Tash and where animals do not talk. One day, a fisherman found a baby washed up in a boat, the only survivor of a shipwreck. The man took in the boy, named him Shasta, raised him and forced him to work. When he’s older, Shasta overhears his adoptive father making plans to sell him into slavery, so he decides to flee. He is aided by a talking horse, Bree, who had been captured some time ago and longed to get back to Narnia.

The two escape together, and they join with a Calormene girl named Aravis, who is likewise escaping from her own foul circumstances and riding a talking horse of her own, Hwin. During their flight, they overhear that Prince Rabadash of Calormen is planning to invade Narnia by conquering the friendly, neighboring country, Archenland, as a staging ground.

The four refugees arrive in Archenland just in time to warn the nation of the attack. Rabadash and his men are successfully defeated in battle with the help of the neighboring Narnia. And Shasta learns that he is the long-lost son of Archenland’s king.

Major Christian Themes

The Horse and His Boy predominantly shows God’s sovereignty over all things. Though Shasta and Aravis feel as if every step may be their last, we discover that Aslan has been with them the whole time to ensure their mission will succeed. It is even revealed that he was the one who had safeguarded Shasta’s survival as a baby so that Shasta’s journey would take place. When the four meet Aslan, he reveals that, during various points of the journey, he was there protecting them and guiding their steps. What feels to Shasta like pure luck—that they made it to Archenland at all—was actually by Aslan’s providence.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • Aslan uses the journey to provide lessons for Shasta’s companions, too. Bree, for instance, is humbled when he realizes that Aslan is actually a lion. Before, he couldn’t believe that Aslan would be just another animal. But when Aslan appears, Bree admits his fault. In another lesson, Aslan wounds Aravis by clawing her in the back. He later reveals that the wound he gave her is the same pain endured by a slave Aravis left behind to take the punishment for her escape.
  • Rabadash is offered mercy by Aslan, but when he refuses, Aslan turns Rabadash into a donkey. He tells Rabadash that he can revert to his human form if he remains within 10 miles of the altar of Tash in Calormen. But if he ever leaves that radius, he’ll permanently return to being a donkey. The curse ultimately results from Rabadash’s pride, and Rabadash spends the rest of his days ungratefully humbled. The story shares some parallels to the biblical tale of God forcing Nebuchadnezzar to live like a beast because of his pride.
  • A strange man (dubbed the Hermit of the Southern March) has a magical scrying pool in which he can see things that are going on from far away. Other than describing a battle to Shasta’s companions, the friendly character seems to play no other spiritual role in the story.

Prince Caspian

“‘Now, child,’ said Aslan, when they had left the trees behind them, ‘I will wait here. Go and wake the others and tell them to follow. If they will not, then you at least must follow me alone.’”

Plot Summary

Over a millennium after the Pevensies return to our world (though only one year later for them), the four siblings are brought back to Narnia after someone there uses Susan’s magic horn, a tool which Aslan had promised would bring help to those who used it. The Pevensies discover that the capital city of Narnia, Cair Paravel, has long since fallen into ruin. They also learn that pirates from Earth discovered a portal to Narnia while they were gone and took up residence there as the Telmarines over the past few Narnian centuries.

Since their arrival, the Telmarines have subjugated Narnia, slaughtering and suppressing the Talking Beasts. The cruelty of the Telmarines is such that the Telmarine king, Miraz, killed his brother to steal the throne; he seeks to slay his brother’s son, Caspian X, in order to solidify his claim.

Prince Caspian, a compassionate Telmarine who earnestly desires the return of the true Narnia, escapes into the night and discovers Talking Beasts in hiding. He and the Talking Beasts, along with Peter and Edmund, rally together to thwart the Telmarine armies, besting King Miraz in combat. Meanwhile, Aslan, Susan and Lucy free captive Narnians and reclaim old Narnian lands.

Finally, Aslan offers the Telmarines the option to return home to Earth, and many of them accept. He then sends the Pevensies back home, too, but not before telling Peter and Susan that they will not be able to return to Narnia due to their age.

Major Christian Themes

Prince Caspian depicts the perseverance of faithful Christians despite mockery and persecution. Those who follow Aslan are ridiculed by many of their peers who claim that he’s just a fairy tale. The dwarf Nikabrik, for instance, claims that he doesn’t believe Aslan rose from the dead, since the stories don’t say much about what he did afterwards. Others actively seek to slay anyone who follows Aslan. Nevertheless, those who stand firm in their faith are eventually rewarded.

This theme likewise develops the idea of forsaking everything to follow Aslan. Prince Caspian flees into the night—abandoning his people and lineage—and becomes a follower of Aslan. Likewise, Lucy (the Pevensie with the most faith) is confronted by Aslan and commanded to follow him, even if none of her siblings will. Lucy ultimately tells her siblings that she’ll have to leave them behind if they won’t join her in following Aslan. But when they do follow Lucy in faith, they find themselves able to see Aslan again, too, who had previously been invisible to them.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • Lucy claims that Aslan has grown since the last time she saw him. However, Aslan tells her that he is bigger not because he has grown but because she has. And as she gets older, she will continue to find that he is bigger.
  • Nikabrik plots with a villainous hag and werewolf to summon the White Witch. They hope to bring her back in order to defeat King Miraz with her power—though faithful Narnians warn them that they cannot ally with evil to beat evil. When someone claims that Jadis had died, the villains rebut, “who ever heard of a witch that really died? You can always get them back.”

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

“It would be nice, and fairly true, to say that ‘from that time forth Eustace was a different boy’. To be strictly accurate, he began to be a different boy. He had relapses. There were still many days when he could be very tiresome. But most of those I shall not notice. The cure had begun.”

Plot Summary

While their cousin, Eustace, is visiting, Edmund, Lucy and Eustace are sucked into Narnia via a painting. They arrive to find themselves aboard (now King) Caspian’s ship, the Dawn Treader. Caspian has recently departed on a year-long voyage to discover the fates of seven kindly lords whom his uncle, King Miraz, had sent away to explore the unmapped eastern seas. The voyage takes them to many different islands, and they eventually find the various lords—living and dead.  

The voyage culminates in the boat reaching the edge of the world, where Aslan’s Country is. Reepicheep, a fearless mouse, chooses to sail into Aslan’s Country in order to break the spell on three remaining sleeping lords. Afterwards, Aslan meets with Edmund, Lucy and Eustace, and before sending them home, he tells Edmund and Lucy that they will not be able to return to Narnia and must learn to know him by his name in their world.

Major Christian Themes

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader depicts the Christian’s justification and sanctification and contains some of the most overt descriptions of Christian doctrine in any Narnia book.

We chiefly see this through Eustace, the Pevensie’s insufferable cousin. On one island, he is transformed into a dragon, which reflects his true personality. He is unable change back until he is confronted by Aslan, who commands that Eustace bathe. However, Eustace is unable to remove his scales by his own efforts, and it is Aslan who must tear away the scales for him before he is able to wash. Eustace describes the process as painful: “so deep that I thought it had gone right into my heart.” But then, Aslan dresses Eustace in new clothing, and Eustace begins to behave far better—even though he continues to have relapses.

We also see Aslan depicted in the role of Holy Spirit, both to convict and comfort us. King Caspian, Edmund and Lucy all face temptations that nearly cause them to forsake each other. Caspian and Edmund nearly come to blows on an island that turns things to gold, and Lucy nearly casts a dangerous but alluring spell. However, in each instance, Aslan appears, protecting them from falling into sin. And when their ship becomes lost in a land of nightmares, Lucy calls on Aslan to help them, and he leads them out of the darkness and into the daylight.

At the end of the voyage, we see Aslan depicted not as a Lion but as a Lamb, recalling various verses about Jesus being both the Lion of Judah and the Lamb of God. Aslan tells Edmund and Lucy to seek him out in their own world under a different name—the most overt confirmation that Aslan is meant to be Jesus. He tells them that there is a way into Aslan’s Country (a depiction of heaven) from all worlds, including Earth. It lies across a great river, but they do not need to be afraid, for Aslan is “the great Bridge Builder.” Given Lewis’ strong familiarity with the Puritan John Bunyan’s work, The Pilgrim’s Progress (wherein Bunyan depicts death as a great river before reaching the Celestial City), this conversation likely shows how Jesus removes the fear of death and brings us safely into the true Promised Land.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • A few magical spells take place in the narrative: Lucy casts a spell to make invisible things visible—which also reveals Aslan to her, who tells her that he has been with her the whole time. Also, we’re told that the stars of Narnia are sentient creatures, and we meet two of them, one of whom is a magician.

The Silver Chair

“Suppose we have only dreamed, or made up, all those things—trees and grass and sun and moon and stars and Aslan himself. Suppose we have. Then all I can say is that, in that case, the made-up things seem a good deal more important than the real ones. Suppose this black pit of a kingdom is the only world. Well, it strikes me as a pretty poor one.”

Plot Summary

Eustace attends a terrible school called Experiment House, where the teachers are cruel and belief in God is looked down on. Eustace helps his classmate, Jill, escape some bullies, telling her about Narnia. Jill says she would like to go there, and sure enough, when they open a door, they find that they’ve arrived in Narnia.

Aslan tasks Jill with saving the long-lost Prince Rilian, the son of the now-elderly King Caspian. He gives her signs to follow and charges her to ignore false appearances. However, she, Eustace and a pessimistic Narnian named Puddleglum fail to recognize three of the four signs.

Nevertheless, they manage to find the lost prince in an underground city, where Rilian and the population are under the influence of a Northern Witch named the Lady of the Green Kirtle, who claims that neither Narnia nor Aslan exist. Eventually, the three discern that Rilian is kept under the witch’s control via a silver chair which enchants him each night. The three free Rilian, slay the witch and set the underground people free. Then, they return to Narnia, and Caspian reunites with Rilian before passing away.

Before they’re back home, Eustace and Jill are taken to Aslan’s Country to see a resurrected Caspian. Then they return to Experiment House, where a miracle from Aslan causes the school to become far better.

Major Christian Themes

The Silver Chair grapples with doubts and deception which muddle the Christian mind. It also addresses how clinging to God will help us discern what’s true from falsehood. Jill and Eustace are given signs to help them on their journey, but because the signs aren’t as they expect them to be, they fail to follow them and end up in danger because of it. It isn’t until Aslan appears in Jill’s dream to get her back on track that she’s able to figure out where they are meant to go.

However, these doubts only grow stronger when they travel deep underground. The Lady of the Green Kirtle attempts to deceive them into believing that the sky, the sun, Narnia and Aslan are all things they’ve invented—and that such ideas are “for babies.” The people in her underground city all live in literal and spiritual darkness, having been fed the lie that the only things that exist are those which they can see. Eustace, Jill and Puddleglum nearly fall under the witch’s spell, but the name of Aslan reawakens Puddleglum enough for them to slay the witch.

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • A wise dwarf comments that the “Northern Witches” all want the same thing, “but in every age they have a different plan for getting it.” Similarly, Satan tempts people away from Christ in a variety of ways. That is why Christians must always be on their guard and hold fast to Christ.
  • Following Caspian’s death, Aslan cries despite knowing that he will soon resurrect him (reminiscent of Jesus’ tears for Lazarus in John 11). Aslan demands Eustace shove a thorn into his paw, and when Eustace complies, Aslan’s blood sprinkles onto Caspian, resurrecting him into Aslan’s Country. The striking image depicts how the blood of Christ sprinkled on the altar of God grants us eternal life with Him in heaven (Hebrews 12:22-24).

The Last Battle

“When Aslan said you could never go back to Narnia, he meant the Narnia you were thinking of. But that was not the real Narnia. That had a beginning and an end. It was only a shadow or a copy of the real Narnia which has always been here and always will be here: just as our own world, England and all, is only a shadow or copy of something in Aslan’s real world. You need not mourn over Narnia, Lucy. All of the old Narnia that mattered, all the dear creatures, have been drawn into the real Narnia through the Door.”

Plot Summary

In the far west of Narnia, a selfish ape named Shift lives with a donkey named Puzzle. One day, Shift finds a lionskin in the water near his home, and he commands that Puzzle wear it so as to trick people into thinking that he is Aslan. Shift hopes to use Aslan’s authority to force others to do things that will make his own life better. He claims that, under “Aslan’s” orders, the Narnians should work alongside the cruel Calormenes, who are slowly invading Narnia. Shift likewise claims that the Calormene god, Tash, is the same as Aslan. In the confusion, some fall for Shift’s ruse, while others give up belief in Tash and Aslan altogether, claiming that neither exists.

Meanwhile, the Narnian king, Tirian, and a returning Eustace and Jill, work to save Narnia from the scheme. However, the few faithful Narnians left are eventually overrun and killed. And Tirian, Eustace and Jill are all sacrificed to Tash.

But then, they find themselves in Aslan’s Country, where they are informed that they (alongside Digory, Polly, Peter, Edmund and Lucy) have all died in a train accident back in England. Aslan then wakes Father Time to destroy Narnia, and all those faithful to Aslan are brought into the perfect and wonderful Aslan’s Country—the “true Narnia,” where they will spend eternity with him.

Major Christian Themes

The Last Battle covers the end times. Wary readers need not worry, as Lewis makes no heavy eschatological claims. However, Lewis does depict the rise of the Antichrist, the tribulation and the end of the world. All those who are faithful to Aslan are brought to the new heavens and new earth—the new Narnia—while those outside of Aslan are sent to whatever they believed in. For the atheistic dwarves, they stay trapped in darkness for eternity, believing there’s nothing left. For the followers of the demon Tash (more on that in a moment), they’re sent to be with him.

Perhaps the biggest note here is Shift’s insistence that Aslan and Tash are one and the same. Shift, in essence, claims that all religions are the same, despite the fact that Aslan and Tash have opposing characteristics. It is eventually revealed that Tash is real, but he’s a demon (Psalm 96:5, 1 Corinthians 10:20 and other Christian works, such as Justin Martyr’s First Apology, depict false gods as demons).

Other Spiritual Things to Note

  • One of the biggest issues Christians take with The Last Battle is the Calormen Emeth’s inclusion into the true Narnia. In the book, Emeth is a devout believer in Tash. However, he is accepted by Aslan due to his desire for good. “Child, all the service thou hast done to Tash, I account as service done to me,” Aslan says. Emeth’s salvation comes from Lewis’ personal belief in inclusivism, which he explains a bit more in his popular book, Mere Christianity:

There are people who do not accept the full Christian doctrine about Christ but who are so strongly attracted by Him that they are His in a much deeper sense than they themselves understand. There are people in other religions who are being led by God’s secret influence to concentrate on those parts of their religion which are in agreement with Christianity, and who thus belong to Christ without knowing it. For example, a Buddhist of good will may be led to concentrate more and more on the Buddhist teaching about mercy and to leave in the background (though he might still say he believed) the Buddhist teaching on certain other points.”

C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity

Conclusion

We hope that this serves as a helpful primer for parents looking to understand the theology presented in The Chronicles of Narnia. While we can’t hit on every spiritual reference in every book, this guide should cover most major themes readers will come across.

Be sure to check out our other Theology Of guides!

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